Verbal phrases

Verbal Phrases
A verbal is a verb form used as another part of speech. verbals come in three varieties: participles, gerunds, and infinitives. Each type has a different function in a sentence:
• Participles function as adjectives.
• Gerunds function as nouns.
• Infinitives function as nouns, adjectives, or adverbs.
Participle
A participle is a form of a verb that functions as an adjective. There are two kinds of participles: present participles and past participles.
• Present participles end in -ing (jumping, burning, speaking).
• Past participles usually end in -ed, -t, or -en (jumped, burnt, spoken).
The howling children disturbed the neighbors.
The present participle “howling” describes the noun “children.”
• John gave Bill a crumbling rock.
• The present participle “crumbling” describes the noun “rock.”
• The frozen candy bar broke her $900 bridgework.
• The past participle “frozen” describes the noun “candy bar.”
• Annoyed, Rita ate dinner by herself in the bathroom.
• The past participle “annoyed” describes the noun “Rita.”
Don t confuse participles and verbs. Participles aren t preceded by a helping verb, as these examples show:
• The sputtering car jerked down the road. (participle)
• The car was sputtering down the road. (verb)
Participle phrases contain a participle modified by an adverb or an adverbial phrase.
• Swimming slowly, I didn t notice the shark on my tail.
• The participle phrase “swimming slowly” describes the pronoun “I.”
• Annoyed by its heavy breathing, I told it to get lost.
The participle phrase “Annoyed by its heavy breathing” describes the pronoun “I.” However, the participle phrase can also be placed after the word it describes. In that case, it is usually set off by commas, as in this example:
• “My sister, burning the toast, looked distracted.”
Gerund Phrases
A gerund is a form of a verb used as a noun. Remember the following two guidelines when you hunt for gerunds:
• Gerunds always end in -ing.
• Gerunds always act as nouns.
Gerunds can function as subjects, direct objects, indirect objects, objects of a preposition, predicate nominatives, and appositives. Here are some examples of gerunds:
• Leroy expanded his skills by studying.
• The gerund “studying” is the object of the preposition “by.”
• At the age of 10, Irving started running.
• The gerund “running” is a direct object.
Don t confuse gerunds and present participles, because both end in -ing. A gerund functions only as a noun, while a participle functions only as an modifier.
• The quiet, steady rowing soothed him.
• The gerund phrase is “the quiet, steady rowing.”
• My evening routine features jogging slowly around the block.
• The gerund phrase is “jogging slowly around the block.”
• Thousands of “Dead Heads” show their dedication to their departed leader by following what s left of The Grateful Dead around the country.
• The gerund phrase is “following what s left of The Grateful Dead around the country.”
Infinitive Phrases
Last but not least we have the infinitive, a form of the verb that comes after the word to and acts as a noun, adjective, or adverb. Here are some examples:
• To succeed takes courage, foresight, and luck.
• The infinitive is “to succeed,” and it functions as the subject.
• Alone in her cubicle, all she wanted was to survive.
• The infinitive is “to survive,” and it functions as the direct object.
• Afraid to move, she froze in terror.
• The infinitive is “to move,” and it modifies the adverb “afraid.”
Don t confuse infinitives with prepositional phrases that begin with to. Remember that a prepositional phrase always ends with a noun or a pronoun; an infinitive always ends with a verb.
An infinitive can be used as a phrase. An infinitive phrase, as with the other verbal phrases, contains modifiers that together act as a single part of speech. Following are some examples:
• His goal, to break into Fort Knox, was never achieved.
• The infinitive phrase is “to break into Fort Knox” and modifies the noun “goal.”
• The pilgrim s hope was to reach the shrine before sundown.
• The infinitive phrase “to reach the shrine before sundown” describes “hope.”

Verbals and Verb Phrases
Verbals are verb forms which act as another part of speech in a sentence (i.e. as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs).
Verbal phrases are verbals and any of the verb form s modifiers, objects, or complements. The three types of verbal phrases are participial, gerund, and infinitive phrases.
Participial Phrases
Participial Phrases are present participles or past participles and any modifiers, objects, or complements. Participial phrases contain verbs which act as adjectives in a sentence.
Examples:
• Singing very softly, the boy lulled his baby brother to sleep. (the participial phrase works as an adjective, modifying "boy")
• The girls, frightened by the police car s headlights, quickly came down from the school s roof. (the participial phrase works as an adjective, modifying "girls")
Gerund Phrases
Gerund Phrases contain verbs ending in -ing and any modifiers, objects, or complements. Gerund phrases act as nouns in a sentence. They can act as the subject or object of a verb, as a predicate nominative, and as the object of a preposition.
Examples:
• Waiting for his grades drove him crazy. (the gerund phrase works as the subject of the verb "drove")
• The woman denied knowing her own husband. (the gerund phrase works as the object of the verb "denied")
• He thought he could escape from his problems by running away. (the gerund phrase works as the object of the preposition "by")
• Making many acquaintances is cultivating future friendships. (the gerund phrases work as the subject and as the predicate nominative)
Infinitive Phrases
Infinitive Phrases contain verbals consisting of "to" followed by a verb and any modifiers, objects, or complements. Infinitive phrases usually act as nouns, but they can also act as adjectives and adverbs.
Examples:
• To live in Boston eventually is his main goal in life. (the infinitive phrase works as the subject of the sentence)
• Quentin Tarentino loves to babble during interviews. (the infinitive phrase works as the object of the verb "loves")
• Do you have any clothes to donate to the homeless shelter? (the infinitive phrase works as an adjective, modifying "clothes")
• She went home to visit her family. (the infinitive phrase works as an adverb, modifying "went")
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