المحاضرة#12

Lesson #12
Transformation Rules
Rule I: Interrogative Rule
NP-tense be Interrogative tense be
have -- > have -NP
modal -- > modal
Example
Tree diagram
S
the girl will play - - - - >
S
Question the girl will play
S
will the girl play
Rule II: Affix switch rule
- Tense Modal Modal -Tense
main -- > Main
verb verb
have have -ing
be be
do do -en
Here are some examples involving the application of these rules for deriving the surface structure of sentences from their kernels:
1. Surface structure: Is she playing?
The kernel sentence or the deep structure in the case of this sentence is: She is playing.
Analysis : She – pres. – be – ing – play.
Interrogative rule: press – be – she – ing – play.
Affix switch rule: be – pres. – she – play – ing.
(is) (playing)
2. Has Pranom been writing a letter? (Surface Structure)
Pranom has been writing a letter. (Kernel).
Analysis: Pranom – pres. – have – en – be – ing – write – a letter.
Interrogative rule: pres. – have – Pranom – en – be – ing – write – a letter.
Affix switch rule: have – pres. – Pranom – be – en – play – ing a letter.
(has) (been) (writing)
3. Could you repeat the answer?
Kernel sentence: You could repeat the answer.
Analysis: you – past – can – repeat – the answer.
Interrogative rule: past – can – you – repeat – the answer.
Affix switch rule: can – past – you – repeat – the answer.
(could)
4. Have you seen the Palace?
Kernel sentence: You have seen the Palace.
Analysis: you – pres. – have – en – see - the Palace.
Interrogative rule: pres. – have – you – en – see – the Palace.
Affix switch rule: have – press – you – see – en – the Palace.
(have) (seen)
5. Would she join the party?
Kernel sentence: She would join the party.
Analysis: she – past. – will – join - the party.
Interrogative rule: past. – will – she – join – the party.
Affix switch rule: Will – past – he – join – the party.
(would)